Em Portugal, até hoje a experiência mais próxima de um RBI foi alcançada com a criação de um rendimento mínimo garantido, introduzido pelo Governo socialista de António Guterres. Hoje o Rendimento Mínimo Garantido (RMG) tem outro nome: chama-se Rendimento Social de Inserção (RSI) e consiste no pagamento de um rendimento mínimo a todos os indivíduos que não se integrem no circuito do trabalho e da subsistência social.
Também existiu durante o governo socialista de José Sócrates a intenção de implementar uma medida de incentivo à natalidade, a “Conta Poupança Futuro”, atribuindo um cheque-bebé de 200 euros por cada criança nascida. Mas esta medida não chegou a ser implementada, apesar de ter sido aprovada no Conselho de Ministros, apesar de medidas similares terem sido implementadas em Espanha (o Cheque bebé, atribuindo aos pais de cada criança nascida 2500 euros foi introduzido em 2007, mas viria a ser interrompido em 2011) assim como na Grã-Bretanha (Child Fund Trust). Estas medidas, apesar de terem um valor mais modesto, estão mais próximas de um RBI do que do RSI, já que no RSI não existe incondicionalidade no pagamento.
Se um rendimento básico for de facto incondicional, isto significa que será distribuído a todos os indivíduos, quer tenham ou não um trabalho remunerado e independentemente de se encontrarem acima do limiar de risco de pobreza. Mas como financiar um rendimento a que todos têm direito? Em primeiro lugar o custo vai depender do montante determinado para o RBI. Este deverá ser suficiente para garantir condições de vida decentes de acordo com os padrões sociais e culturais dos países onde for implementado. Em segundo lugar, admitir que o financiamento de um RBI é possível e benéfico para a sociedade no seu todo não implica que não seja incontroverso em termos políticos.
Assim, é importante ter em mente que existem visões diferentes em relação à estrutura de financiamento, sendo assim útil considerar algumas das possíveis fontes de financiamento de um RBI. Estas incluem:
segurança social
Poupança em gastos atuais na Segurança Social, de transferências sociais abaixo do valor do RBI.
imi
Aumento do IMI, incidindo sobre toda a propriedade (móvel e imóvel). Imposto especial sobre o património mobiliário e imobiliário.
imposto verde
Impostos "verdes" (e.g. sobre a emissão de carbono).
IMPOSTOS
Alterações às taxas nominais e aos escalões de IRS, IRC e IVA.
sistema financeiro
Reforma da arquitectura do sistema financeiro, permitindo a distribuição directa (e.g. através de créditos fiscais) da expansão da base monetária para os cidadãos, sendo esses montantes usados para financiar parcialmente um RBI.
recursos naturais
Taxas sobre os recursos naturais, às quais se poderá acrescentar ainda a taxação sobre a utilização de bens comuns como o espaço aéreo e o espaço marítimo.
Sugerimos a leitura atenta de três estudos recentes, que abordam detalhadamente as possibilidades de financiamento e implementação de um RBI na Finlândia, na Suécia e no Reino Unido:
Na bibliografia infra juntamos as mais significativas publicações académicas sobre o financiamento de um RBI e sobre as suas possíveis consequências socio-económicas.
Bibliografia académica
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Caputo, R. K. (2008). The unconditional basic income guarantee Attempts to eclipse the welfare state. International Social Work, 51(4), 509-518.
Casassas, D., Raventós, D., & Wark, J. (2010). The Right to Existence in Developing Countries: Basic Income in East Timor. Basic Income Studies, 5(1), 6.
Chalifour, J. (2012). Le revenu de citoyenneté: entre émancipation et assujettissement. L’exemple du Basic Income Grant en Namibie.
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Domènech, A., & Raventós, D. (2007). Property and Republican Freedom: An Institutional Approach to Basic Income. Basic Income Studies, 2(2), 1-8.
Eichhorst, W., Grienberger-Zingerle, M., & Konle-Seidl, R. (2008). Activation policies in Germany: from status protection to basic income support (pp. 17-67). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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Forget, E. L. (2008). The Town with No Poverty: A history of the North American Guaranteed Annual Income Social Experiments. University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Groot, L., & van der Veen, R. J. (2000). Basic Income on the Agenda. Amsterdam University Press.
Groot, L., & van der Veen, R. (2000). Clues and Leads in the Debate on Basic Income in the Netherlands. Van der Veen R. et Groot L.(éd.), Basic income on the agenda. Policy objectives and political chances, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 197-223.
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